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Gas Discharge Tube Arresters (GDT) are devices used for preventing or limiting overvoltage from reaching sensitive electronic equipment. They are used in many different ways in certain locations, which include power plants, substations, telecommunications cables, electric grids, and other locations where both direct and indirect lightning strikes may have a large affect on the sensitive equipment used in these areas.The application field of GDTs is versatile and can be adapted to various types of systems or applications. For instance, GDTs can be used to protect telecom towers from lightning, as well as to protect against line-to-ground transients. GDTs are also used to protect low-voltage installations, industrial equipment, and household equipment, from both direct lightning strikes and transient overvoltages.

A GDT typically works on the principle of emitting a spark to the ground when an overvoltage is detected. GDTs contain two electrodes, usually made of Zinc Oxide. The electrodes are separated by a gas-filled tube which contains sulfur hexafluoride. The tube also has one or more wall-like resistors made of carbon-filled zinc oxide ceramic. The two electrodes are connected to the resistors and to the system’s earth ground.

When an overvoltage is detected, the ceramic resistors become damaged, allowing an electrical spark to jump from the gap between the two electrodes. This spark acts to short-circuit the incoming voltage, limiting or preventing it from being transferred to the system\'s electronics. The short-circuiting of the voltage also creates an earth ground connection, which allows the voltage to drift away instead of being transferred to sensitive equipment.

The components of GDTs can vary depending on the system or application it is used in. In telecommunication applications, the components usually include a spark gap, a gas charged tube, a silicon diode, and a resistor. The resistors, which are usually in the form of ring-loads, are used to control the sparking voltage. A surge dissipator is sometimes included in the assembly to allow for the short-circuit protection of the system.

For industrial applications, the components typically include a spark gap, a gas-filled tube, a spark quenching resistor, and a surge dissipator. In most cases, the resistors and surge dissipator are employed in order to control the overvoltage and limit it from being transferred to the sensitive equipment. For household applications, the components typically include a spark gap and surge dissipator as well as a varistor, a ceramic disk designed to discharge an overvoltage when it is activated. All of these components work towards creating the earth ground connection needed to protect the equipment from being damaged.

In summary, GDTs are very useful devices that can be used in a wide range of applications, from telecommunications and power grids to household electrical installations. GDTs work by emitting a spark to the ground when an overvoltage is detected, providing a short-circuiting of the voltage. This helps prevent the transfer of the voltage to the delicate equipment and thus protecting it from becoming damaged. GDTs usually consist of a spark gap, a gas-filled tube, a spark quenching resistor, and a surge dissipator. With these components working together, GDTs are able to provide effective protection for delicate electronic equipment.

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