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D-sub, also known as \'D-shaped connectors\', are a type of electrical connector used on computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. They are typically used to connect peripheral devices, such as printers, external storage drives, and modems, to a computer\'s main board. D-sub connectors were first used more than fifty years ago and are still in use today, due to their durability and reliability.

D-sub connectors come in two distinct "shapes" - housings and pins. The housings are generally a plastic or metal box that is shaped like a rectangle, and the pins are small metal contacts which fit into the housing. The pins are generally arranged in rows along the housing, and depending on the type of D-sub connector, can be either male or female. The pins allow a secure electrical connection between the two devices.

The most common type of D-sub connector used today is the DE-9, or DB-9, connector. This type of connector is primarily used for serial connections, and consists of nine pins. One side of the connector has the nine pins arranged in two rows, and the other side has the same number of holes. The DE-9 connector is wider than other D-sub connectors and is used for modems, printers, and other serial connections.

Another type of D-sub connector is the DA-15 or DB-15. This is a wider connector than the DE-9, and consists of fifteen pins arranged in three rows. This type of connector is primarily used for video connections, such as in the VCR and monitor connections on an old Apple IIc computer. Most newer monitors and computers use different types of video connections, such as the DVI and HDMI, which have replaced the DA-15 and DB-15.

D-sub connectors are also available in other sizes. DA-25, DA-37, and DA-44 are the most common of these, and are used for various types of connections, typically ones that require more signal pins than a DE-9 connector can provide. These connectors are often used for SCSI or ISA connections, as well as for video, audio, and other types of digital connections.

The working principle of a D-sub connector is straightforward. When the two connectors (male and female) are connected, the pins on the male side fit into the holes on the female side. This creates an electrical connection between the two devices, and allows data to be passed between them. The pins are designed to prevent any short-circuiting, and the connector is able to withstand high-voltage and high-speed operations without any problems.

D-sub connectors are incredibly useful connectors, and they are still widely used today due to their durability and reliability. They are able to provide secure connections for digital signals, and are available in many different sizes and configurations to suit different connections. D-sub connectors are used in a wide range of applications, from computers to medical equipment, and are even used for some military applications.