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D-sub, D-shaped connectors, or sometimes called DE connector, consist of a variety of different metal contacts which are configured in a ‘D’ shape. These connectors are most commonly used for rectangular connections between multiple components, and are popular in both industrial and consumer applications. The D shape of the contacts prevent the contact points from being too close together, while allowing for a higher durability and reliability when compared to other types of electrical connections.The most common form of these connectors is the 9-pin DE-15 which is used in the traditional VGA connection on desktop computers, and are also found in industrial control systems, retail sales systems, and other equipment where contact is required between two components. The 9-pin DE-15 typically has three rows (rows A-C) of three pins each, with each pin having the same diameter (about 1.27mm) at the same location. The pins are arranged in a "D" shape, with the top of the "D" located at the center of the connector and the lower tip of the "D" at the end of the connector.The main purpose of the D-shape of the contacts is to ensure proper contact between two components, and to also improve the reliability of the connection by providing greater durability and resistance to oxidation. The underside of the connector has small plastic inserts which prevent the contact points from being too close together, and also protects the contacts from dirt and other contaminants which could cause a poor connection.The working principle behind the D-shape of the contacts is based on the concept of mechanical spring back. When the contacts are extended, the contact points become separated and the spring back provides the contact force which ensures the contacts stay connected. The contacts are also designed so that they are self-sustaining and can be used without additional support, as long as they are connected in the correct direction.There are also different sized D-shaped contacts, from single pins to larger multi-pin connectors. Each connector type has a corresponding contact size to match the dimensions of the components to which it is connecting. For instance, the most common type of D-shaped connector is the 9-pin DE-15, with a contact size of 1.27mm.With so many types of D-shaped contacts, it is important to choose the right type for the application. The size of the contact, the spacing between the contacts, the number of contacts, and the type of insulation are all considerations to take into account. Also, the contacts should always be tested for proper connection and resistance before use.In conclusion, D-sub, D-shaped contacts are a popular type of electrical connection and are commonly found in both industrial and consumer applications. The D shape of the contacts prevents them from being too close to each other while allowing for greater durability and reliability. The working principle behind the D-shape of the contacts is based on mechanical spring back, which provides the contact force to ensure the contacts stay connected. When choosing a D-shaped connector, it is important to consider the size, spacing, number of contacts, and type of insulation for the application.

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