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Embedded systems are complex technologies which include various different subsystems, including microcontrollers, microprocessors, FPGA modules and more. Each of these components is essential to the proper functioning of any embedded system. In this article, we will take a detailed look at the application fields and working principles of these components. We will begin with microcontrollers, which are widely used in systems which require extensive digital processing.

Microcontrollers

A microcontroller is an integrated circuit system which consists of a processor core and related peripherals, like memory, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters and timers. The microcontroller executes programs stored in ROM or EPROM, allowing it to perform complex tasks. They can be found in many consumer electronics such as mobile phones, televisions and washing machines, as well as industrial equipment like factory automation and robots.

The application fields of microcontrollers are vast and varied. They are used in control systems for industrial equipment and robotics, as well as for data acquisition and analysis in medical and scientific applications. Additionally, microcontrollers are used in motor control and power management applications. Microcontrollers are also used in home automation and entertainment systems, such as the Nintendo Wii and Sony PlayStation.

The working principle of microcontrollers is relatively simple. When the microcontroller receives a signal or instruction, it sends out an appropriate signal or instruction to the system, allowing it to respond. For example, if a signal is received to turn on a light, the microcontroller may send an appropriate signal to the light’s controller, allowing it to switch on. The microcontroller can also be programmed to receive signals from sensors, process the data and respond appropriately. This is how automatic systems, such as robotic arms, can be programmed and monitored.

Microprocessors

A microprocessor is an electronic circuit that contains a processor and related support components, such as memory and input/output (I/O) devices. Unlike microcontrollers, microprocessors do not contain any embedded peripherals, making them suitable for more general-purpose processing. Microprocessors are typically used in computers and other programmable equipment such as calculators and cash registers.

The application fields of microprocessors are also varied, including computers, navigation systems, telecommunications systems and home appliances. They are also used in digital signal processing, embedded systems, medical imaging systems, robotic systems and more. Additionally, microprocessors are often used in the manufacture of toys, which are increasingly powered by computer chips.

The working principle of microprocessors is similar to that of microcontrollers, but they are more powerful and do not contain integrated peripherals. The processor is responsible for managing the system’s resources, such as memory, I/O devices and external devices. The processor can process programs and data stored in memory, allowing it to perform complex tasks. For example, a microprocessor can be used to calculate the output of an equation, compare two sets of data, or control the operation of a device.

FPGA Modules

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are special-purpose integrated circuits which provide a flexible means of programming logic functions and real-time logic operations. FPGAs consist of configurable logic blocks, which can be programmed to perform various functions. FPGAs are often used in applications where rapid prototyping or bridging between components are required.

The application fields of FPGA modules are vast, with applications in automotive and aerospace systems, communication systems, medical imaging systems and robotics, among others. In addition, FPGAs are often used in the manufacture of consumer electronics, such as smartphones and tablets, as well as in door locks and access control systems.

The working principle of FPGAs is relatively simple. After the FPGA is programmed to perform a particular task, it can be used in the same manner as a digital circuit. Whenever an input is received, the FPGA reads the input and performs the necessary functions accordingly. The FPGA can then output the results to a device or other system.

In summary, microcontrollers, microprocessors and FPGA modules are all essential components of modern embedded systems, used in a variety of applications. Each of these components has its own unique working principle which is essential for the proper functioning of the system.

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