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USB Connectors

USB connectors are most easily recognized as the rectangular type A and B plugs, and the tiny square USB Type C plugs. USB connectors are used for data transmission as well as power supply in many consumer electronic devices, such as computers, smartphones, digital cameras, printers, and so on. USB connectors refers to the physical communication interface which is used to connect two devices and facilitate the data transmission between them. It\'s used in some transmission lines, such as USB 2.0, USB 3.1, etc.

Generally speaking, USB connectors interfaces have two parts, which are USB female interface and USB male interface.USB female interface is reversible and can both supply power and transmit data, but USB male can only supply power. The USB female interface is more complicated than the USB male interface, and it is usually used to connect USB devices. On the other hand, the USB male interface is simpler and it is mostly used to connect power supply wire or extension cable.

The working principle of USB connectors is based on the concept of "plug and play". That is to say, when two devices are connected with a USB cable, the device will automatically detect the USB port, recognize the device type and load the corresponding device driver to make the device work. Scientists and engineers have made many contributions to the development of this technology, thus simplifying the tedious steps of device installation and making it easier for people to use.

DVI Connectors

DVI (Digital Visual Interface) is a display interface designed to transmit uncompressed digital video data. It is mostly used to connect a computer with a monitor or projector for video output or transmission, or to bridge other video sources. DVI connectors are mainly divided into two types: DVI-A(Analog) and DVI-D (Digital). DVI-A connectors have four pins and four pins plus two pins in the middle. Their primary function is to provide analog signal transmission and are generally used to connect older display devices such as CRT monitors or other peripherals which do not support digital signals.

DVI-D connectors are more popular because of their fully digital signal transmission ability. DVI-D connectors use the same shaped plug with 24 pins. The pins are divided into four rows and each row has six pins, making it easy to connect to the corresponding forked connector in the monitor. In addition, DVI-D also supports HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) for the purpose of providing copyright protection for digital video content. It can support the highest resolution of 1920 x 1200; the transmission bandwidth is up to 165MHz.

The working principle of DVI is to use serial- and low-voltage differential signaling technology to transmit digital video signals. The signal processing process is divided into three stages, bit-serial data stream conversion, serial-to-parallel and digital-analog conversion. The transmission of signal is also divided into two phases: rising edges and falling edges. When the signal is transmitted from the source to the display device, the source device converts it into a bit serial data stream with low voltage, then the display device will convert the data into pixels by the serial-to-parallel process, and finally the resulting analog signal is converted to RGB video signal by the digital-analog conversion.

HDMI Connectors

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) connectors are the most commonly used interface for transmission of high-definition video content. HDMI connectors are mainly divided into four types: Type A, which is the most commonly used;Type B, which is rarely used;Type C, which is mainly used for displays below 1080p resolution;andType D, which is used for mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones. HDMI connectors are used to connect with other equipment such as HDTVs, projectors and computers, so as to achieve the transmission of audio and video content.

Similar to the principle of DVI, the working principle of HDMI is based on the serial- and low-voltage differential signaling technology. When the HDMI cable is connected with the source and display device, the source device will first convert the audio/video signal to digital data, then encode it into low voltage bit serial data stream; finally, the display device will decode and convert the data into pictures as well as sound. Moreover, HDMI also supports HDCP encryption, which can ensure the security and reliability of the data transmission between the devices.

In summary, USB, DVI and HDMI connectors are the most commonly used interfaces for transmission of audio and video among consumer electronic devices. USB connectors is used for both data transmission and power supply, DVI is used for the display of digital video signal, and HDMI is mainly used to transmit high-definition video signal. All of these connectors work based on the concept of “plug and play”, and employ the serial- and low-voltage differential signal technology.

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