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Embedded - Microcontroller, Microprocessor, FPGA Modules

Embedded system technology has become an integral part of many everyday items, from mobile phones to toys. At the core of these devices is the complex components known as microcontroller, microprocessor, and FPGA modules. Understanding the application field and working principle of these components is key to unlocking the power of these devices.

101 - Microcontrollers

A microcontroller is an integrated circuit designed to run a programmed sequence of instructions on a microprocessor. It is basically a tiny computer consisting of a processor, a program memory, an I/O port, RAM, and various timers. The most important feature of microcontrollers is that they can process data faster and more efficiently than a regular computer. The application field of microcontrollers ranges from remote-control signaling to automotive engine management, home security systems, and medical equipments.

The working principle of a microcontroller is simple. An object code is stored in the program memory and the processor executes it when the power is turned on. Meanwhile, the I/O port connected to the outside world switches to the appropriate logic level depending on the instructions being executed. The RAM is used to store data while it is used and processed, while the timers measure and control the duration of certain operations.

102 - Microprocessors

A microprocessor is a type of computer processor that works on the principle of fetching and executing instructions from a memory. Unlike microcontrollers, microprocessors do not have their own program or input/output ports and rely on external computer components to provide them with instructions. They are typically used in computers, embedded systems, and other applications that require intense data processing. In addition, they are used in high-end gaming consoles, robots, and avionics systems.

The working principle of a microprocessor involves fetching a set of instructions from the memory, decoding them into machine language, and performing arithmetic and logical operations. These instructions are also called machine cycles, and the microprocessor must complete them in their entirety before the task can be completed. The processor then stores the result of the operation in the memory and continues to the next instruction.

103 - FPGA Modules

An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is a type of integrated circuit that is easily configurable to perform a wide range of digital functions. It consists of arrays of configurable logic blocks, interconnects, and memory blocks. Although FPGA modules are primarily used in digital signal processing and hardware emulation, they are also used in image processing, artificial intelligence, and industrial control applications.

The working principle of an FPGA module involves programming the configurable logic blocks and memory blocks with a circuit design and configurable interconnects. The circuit then performs the required computations at high speed and can be rapidly reconfigured for other operations. Furthermore, an FPGA module can also be used for prototyping applications as it can be programmed to accurately model complex systems.