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Embedded systems are an integral part of our lives today, providing us with the means to access information, automate processes and even control our environment with minimal manual intervention. The components that form the basis of such systems include microcontrollers, microprocessors, FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) modules and other related peripherals. This article looks at the application fields and the working principles of these components in detail.

Microcontroller

A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that typically combines a processor and other digital logic on a single chip. It typically includes registers and specific instructions to control general-purpose digital input/output (I/O) pins, such as those connected to LEDs, displays and sensors. The microcontroller typically runs a real-time operating system (RTOS) and provides access to various libraries, such as ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) and DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter).

Applications of Microcontrollers include home automation, healthcare systems, industrial control systems, robotics and embedded systems. Working principles of microcontrollers are based on the programmable logic circuit (PLC); upon receiving a signal, the processor logic is activated and sends a signal to set the output pins as a function of the logic executed by the processor.

Microprocessor

A microprocessor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), is a device that executes a set of instructions to perform one or more tasks. It is the primary component of most computer systems, including desktops and laptops, and is typically mounted on a motherboard. The earliest microprocessors were single-chip devices that could only execute a program stored in internal memory. However, modern microprocessors are able to support complex instruction sets and sophisticated instruction pipelines, and can handle multiple processes concurrently.

Applications of Microprocessors include communication systems, automotive systems, embedded systems and medical systems. Working Principles are based on the instruction set architecture (ISA); a set of instructions applied to the microprocessor in a specific order to carry out a desired computation. Each instruction can be composed of many sub-instructions, each triggering an individual process in the microprocessor.

FPGA Modules

FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) are a type of integrated circuit designed to be configured in a specific manner by the user. The main benefit of using FPGA over traditional processors is their flexibility; the user can customize their FPGAs in accordance with their application requirements, so that the hardware and software components work together in perfect harmony. These devices are typically used for specific applications and are much cheaper than traditional processors.

Applications of FPGA modules include communication systems, automotive systems, industrial systems, embedded systems and medical systems. Working principles of FPGAs are based on the FPGA configuration; this is a process wherein the user configures the FPGA in accordance with their application requirements. The user then provides a set of instructions programmed into the FPGA which control the behavior of the outputs as a function of the applied instructions.

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