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Crystals – Application Field and Working Principle

Crystals are solid materials with a unique crystalline structure that allows them to vibrate at regular intervals, otherwise known as a resonance. This built-in frequency makes them useful for a variety of applications like time keeping, temperature measurement, data transmission/reception, filtering, and more recently for quantum computing.

Application Field

Crystals come in many shapes, sizes and with different kinds of material. Some of the more common materials are quartz, lithium niobate and mica. These materials have proven to be reliable, relatively low-cost, and have a range of resonant frequencies that make them suitable for a variety of different applications.

Crystals are widely used in the telecoms industry for controlling oscillators, mixing frequencies and maintaining a stable frequency source. They are also used in various medical equipment such as ultrasound machines, MRI scanners and other imaging diagnostics. They are even used in sophisticated watches and clocks to keep accurate time.

In recent years, advances in the material science have seen the development of crystals that are piezoelectric, meaning they can generate an electric charge when physically deformed. Piezoelectric crystals have many potential applications, from vibration-based sensors for robotics, to energy harvesting for powering small electronic devices.

Working Principle

In its simplest form, a crystal can be thought of as a mass on a spring, but on a much smaller scale. When a force is applied to the crystal lattice, it causes the atoms to oscillate at a fixed frequency. As the atoms oscillate, they vibrate and cause the crystal to vibrate as well. This vibration, or resonance, is what a crystal is able to produce.

Other physical properties of a crystal, such as its crystal structure, size and shape, can also affect the frequency at which it resonates. For example, the shape of a quartz crystal changes the frequency of its resonant vibration, which makes them ideal for use in precision timing applications.

Crystals are also capable of modifying their frequency when an electric field or force is applied to them. This property is known as piezoelectricity, and it is the backbone of modern quartz clock and watch designs. When a varying voltage is applied to the crystal lattice, it changes the frequency at which the atoms oscillate, which in turn causes the crystal to resonate at a different frequency.

Conclusion

Crystals have become essential components in many modern systems and devices, thanks to their ability to produce a stable and accurate frequency. Furthermore, the addition of piezoelectric properties to materials like quartz has opened up a new set of applications and technology, like energy harvesting and robotics sensors.

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