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LEDs, sold in banks of five or six, are commonly used as indicators on circuit boards. They typically have three wires, a ground wire (black), a red wire for the positive supply, and a white wire for the output. The brightness of the LED is determined by the power supplied to the red wire, while the White wire is the output - when the red wire has power, the white wire produces an output signal.

In addition to single-LED indicators, many other LED arrays are available for various applications. These arrays are usually formed by connecting multiple LEDs in parallel, rather than in series. This allows the current through each LED to be regulated independently. For example, each LED in an LED array may have its own current limiting resistor, and the total current through the LED array is divided equally among the LEDs.

For some applications, such as displaying numeric values, it is desirable to be able to see the exact numerical value. To do this, LEDs can be arranged in the configuration of a bar graph. This allows the number displayed by the bar graph to be read on a scale, which indicates the numerical value of the bar graph.

Another useful arrangement is a light bar. Here, a number of LEDs are arranged along a track, and illuminated in sequence. By controlling the sequence of the LEDs, a pattern can be displayed which indicates the size of a value. For example, a light bar can be used to display the power output of an engine, with each LED lit up indicating a certain power level.

LEDs are also commonly used in combination with other components, such as capacitors, to produce a pulsed output. This type of output allows for control of the ON/OFF interval of a circuit. For example, in an automotive application, LEDs can be used to indicate when the brake is applied and released. By controlling the rate of the pulsed output, it is possible to control the on-off interval of the brake system.

LEDs are also commonly used in lighting applications. In these applications, the LED is typically mounted on a heat sink and powered by an electrical current. The heat from the LED radiates from the heat sink, providing the light output. In some cases, LEDs are used to provide a backlight for LCD displays, providing a bright and uniform light output.

In summary, LEDs can be used in a wide variety of applications, including circuit board indicators, arrays, bar graphs, and light bars. They offer a reliable and efficient way to indicate and control various functions. By regulating the current through an LED, it is possible to produce a range of brightness levels, as well as pulsed effects, making them a versatile option for many applications.