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LED\'s ("Light Emitting Diodes") are tiny, solid-state devices used as tiny indicators on circuit boards and as lighting devices. They are available in a range of different colours, sizes and shapes. LEDs can be used in a multitude of applications from the very simple to the very complex.

In the simplest of applications, an LED is used to display an indication that power is present, for example in the old style car radios with a “power on” LED. In this type of system, the voltage applied to the LED is switched by a transistor or a vacuum tube, and the current through it causes the LED to light up. As the current through the LED is increased, the light intensity increases. It is important to note that overdriving the LED, i.e. applying too much current, will reduce its life expectancy.

LEDs have many uses in more complicated applications such as circuit board indicators, arrays, light bars, bar graphs and so forth. LEDs are often used to create lighting effects with binary coded displays, such as the 7-segment displays used in digital watches. Typically, LEDs are used for these types of display because the LED is economical and no other display element is necessary. LED Arrays can be used to create complex lighting effects by using relatively few of these devices. LED bars are used in multiple switches, such as thermostats. Bar graphs can be used to show relative amounts of one factor compared to another, such as on a wattmeter.

LEDs also have the advantage of being very rugged in construction. Since they are solid state devices, they can withstand vibration and shock, and are not easily damaged by thermal shock. This makes them ideal for use in hostile environments and in applications where reliability is important.

LEDs require current to light up. As the current is increased, the output of the LED increases until a certain point. This point is known as the "forward voltage drop" of the LED. As the voltage drop increases, the amount of current that is required to light the LED increases. This relationship is known as "Voltage/Current" or V/I curve. Knowing this curve helps in determining the correct current to supply an LED for various voltage levels.

LEDs typically require a DC supply, however, certain types of LEDs can also be operated using AC power. These types of LEDs are usually used for displaying digital numbers and other logic circuits. LEDs also require special circuits for driving them such as a special filter for AC or a regulator for regulating a DC supply.

LEDs are very efficient and can last for many years. They generate very little levels of heat and thus do not need additional cooling. LEDs are also much smaller than standard light bulbs and are more easily maneuvered and integrated into electrical systems.

To summarize, LEDs have many uses and applications in fields such as circuit board indicators, arrays, light bars, bar graphs, and many more. LEDs require a current supply, either DC or AC, and may require additional components such as a filter or a regulator. LEDs are efficient, generate little heat, and last for many years. They are also much smaller than standard light bulbs, making them easier to integrate into electrical systems.

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