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D-sub, or D-shaped, connectors and contacts are an integral part of modern electronic systems. They provide a low-cost and low-profile means of connecting two or more circuits together. D-sub connectors are used in a wide range of applications, from handheld devices such as cell phones to the bulkier and heavier equipment found in industrial and military industries.

The most commonly used D-sub connectors have metal or a similar material as contacts, and the actual contact surface is usually gold-plated. The contacts are usually held in place by the male and female contacts, which are shaped as a "D" in crosssection. The edges of the contacts will come together with a specific tension that ensures a proper connection between the male and female contacts. The contacts are also covered with an insulation material that helps protect against corrosion.

One of the more popular applications of D-sub connectors is in the automotive industry. This type of connection is used in electronic engine control units (ECUs), as well as in the body control modules (BCMs). In the automotive industry they are often used to connect the electronic components in a car\'s electrical system, such as the starter, alternator, power control modules etc. They are also used in hands free devices, such as bluetooth handsfree kits and keyless entry systems.

Another common application is in computer systems, where the D-sub connector is used to connect the PC’s motherboard to its peripherals. This includes connecting a mouse, keyboard, and monitor, as well as peripherals such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards. The D-sub connectors used in computers have a different pin configuration from those used in automotive applications, but the basic principles are the same.

The working principle of D-sub connectors is relatively simple. When the two contacts are plugged in the connector, electrical current is able to flow between them, creating the necessary connection that allows the connected components to communicate with each other. When the plug is removed from the socket, the contacts open and the connection is broken. The contacts are also designed to create minimal interference with the electrical signal, allowing the signals to be transmitted cleanly and without interference.

D-sub connectors can be found in virtually any device or product that requires the connection of two or more components. From automobiles and computer systems to consumer electronics, D-sub connectors are an essential part of electronic equipment. They make for an efficient and cost-effective method of connecting components, and are highly reliable due to their robust construction. With their ease of use and low cost, they are a popular choice among manufacturers when it comes to connecting electronic components.