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Introduction

Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a technique used in applying modulation electronically in which a carrier wave\'s amplitude, frequency, and/or phase are changed over time. This technique is widely used in many electronic devices such as motor control and even audio amplifiers. The application field and working principle of the PWM, however, is not well known, and so I will go through that in detail here.

Application Field of PWM

Pulse Width Modulation is typically used in the most obvious manner to control the speed of a motor, allowing it to be adjusted according to a specific application. This is particularly useful in the case of industrial applications.Aside from controlling motor speed, PWM is widely used in a variety of other applications, such as:

• Controlling the brightness of LEDs.
• As part of a servo\'s control system.
• As a frequency variable for other circuits, which allows them to be fine-tuned according to the needed parameters.
• Increasing sound volume in audio amplifiers.
• Controlling the temperature of a device.
• In motors, PWM allows an increase in torque and a reduction in size, due to its ability to control the rotation speed of the motor through its teething.

Working Principle of PWM

As previously mentioned, PWM works by varying the amount of time the voltage is applied to a device during the period of an electrical wave. The length of the voltage being applied is known as the “pulse width” and is indicated by the width of the PWM waveform. The voltage is applied in the form of digital "on/off" pulses, and based on the applied pulse duty cycle. The duty cycle refers to the percent of the “on” time in the period. Thus, the pulse width is proportional to the length of the “on” time, and when the pulse width is small, the duty cycle is small and the output voltage is low, and vice versa. The speed of a motor, for example, is determined by its duty cycle.The working principle of the PWM involves two sections, the input and the output. The input section handles the voltage input, including the generating and supplying of the pulse signals. The output section is responsible for controlling the output of the device, which is determined by the pulse signals received from the input.

Conclusion

The application field and working principle of the pulse width modulation are highly versatile and effective for a wide range of purposes, allowing different devices and mechanisms to be finely tuned according to a specific application. Thus, PWM continues to prove to be a valuable tool in a variety of applications.

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