2232 Optoelectronics

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Incandescent lamps are the oldest type of lamp and the simplest to understand. They have been around since the late 19th century and still find a prominent place in residential and commercial lighting today. They are direct current devices, meaning that the electricity is provided directly to the filament where it is converted to light by the heating effect it causes.

Incandescent lamps are composed of a sealed glass bulb containing a filament made of tungsten wire, which can be either coiled or twisted in shape. This is enclosed in an inert gas such as nitrogen and the glass envelope is coated with a coating of barium oxide. The electric current flowing through the filament is usually in the range from 0.7 to 2.5 amperes and the power rating of the filament is correspondingly from 15 to 40 watts.

When the current is applied, the tungsten wire, which is a poor conductor of electricity, has a large electrical resistance. This resistance causes the filament to heat up until it reaches temperatures as high as 10,000 degrees Celsius (18,000 Fahrenheit). At this temperature, the tungsten filament will emit a bright white light. The amount of light emitted by the filament is proportional to the power of the current applied and thus can be adjusted by varying the current. When the current is shut off, the filament cools down until the temperature drops to about 1500 degrees Celsius at which point the emissive properties cease and the filament darkens.

Neon Lamps are the oldest type of cold cathode gas discharge lamps. They produce light when a current is passed through neon gas inside a sealed glass tube. The glass tube is usually shaped to form various letters, numbers and shapes. The gas inside the tube is neon, which contains a large fraction of noble gas atoms. When an electric current passes through it, the resistance of the neon gas causes the atoms to break down, releasing electrons from within the atom into the tube. The electrons then collide with the remaining noble gas atoms, releasing additional electrons in the form of light.

Much like incandescent lamps, the amount of light produced by the neon lamp is proportional to the amount of current being passed through it. The colors of the light produced depend on the particular gas used in the lamp and can range from a bright reddish pink to blue-white.

Neon lamps are typically used in areas requiring high visibility such as amusement parks, movie theaters and advertising boards. They are also used on the fronts of some automobiles and may be used to give an attractive lighting effect in shops and buildings.

The 2232 application field and working principle of lamps, both incandescent and neon, are based on the conversion of electrical energy into light energy by the heating and ionization of a gas-filled envelope. Incandescent lamps rely on the heating of a tungsten filament, while neon lamps employ a gas discharge which releases electrons from its molecules. Both systems have become popular for their versatility in creating various effects, their efficiency in using power, and their long life.

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