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Thermoelectric cooling technology is an efficient way to achieve relatively small but useable amounts of active cooling. The technology principle underlying thermoelectric cooling involves the phenomenon of the “Seebeck Effect”, which states that when two electrical conductors are placed in contact and a temperature differential is created between them, an electric potential (or voltage) is created between the two conductors. If two junctions achieve a temperature difference, an electric current is generated, an effect known as “Peltier Effect”. The magnitude of the current that can be produced is proportional to the magnitude of the temperature differential.

To utilize this effect to achieve cooling, electricity is applied to a pair of junctions with a temperature gradient between them. This will cause an electric current to flow through the junction, and will transfer heat from the colder junction to the hotter junction, resulting in cooling. This cooling process can be enhanced if a heat sink is connected to the hot junction in order to assist in the removal of the heat that is produced.

Thermoelectric cooling technology is being increasingly used in a range of applications. Typical examples of this technology include its use in rapid temperature swings during semiconductor manufacturing, cooling and maintaining temperatures in beverage coolers, food coolers and other refrigeration applications, maintaining low temperatures for research and laboratory applications, and heating and cooling for automotive applications.

In addition, this technology is also used frequently in applications related to thermal management. For instance, small thermoelectric cooling (or TEC) modules are extensively used in inter electronic cooling applications, to selectively remove heat from a specific component or location in an electronic system. This approach is an efficient way of removing heat without dissipating it throughout the entire system.

The thermoelectric cooling solution is also commonly employed in medical and biomedical applications such as keeping a patient’s body temperature stable or cooling lasers. It is also widely used in military equipment, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and ground robots to provide local cooling, for example for enhanced performance of lasers or electronics in a confined area.

It is clear that thermoelectric technology offers a variety of solutions across a number of application fields. Its reliability, efficiency and compactness make it widely applicable in many the abovementioned sectors. In addition, its flexibility and scalability (both in terms of size and cooling power) are among its main advantages. In addition, the inherent controllability of the cooling effect due to its electrical nature makes the thermoelectric solution very attractive as a viable temperature control solution.

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