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TVS - Varistors, MOVs: Application Field and Working Principle

A transient voltage suppressor device is an electronic component designed to protect against the damaging of voltage spikes. TVS are also known as varistors, Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) or transient voltage suppressors. When an overvoltage is connected to the component, the device automatically works to limit its effect and safely divert voltage away from the protected system or circuit. Varistors, or MOVs, often function as a part of an electrical or electronic system’s voltage protection circuit. This type of device ensures that excess voltage is diverted away from sensitive and expensive electrical components such as CPUs. TVS devices are used in a variety of applications, from home computers to automotive sensors, and other products and applications where protecting sensitive circuits is essential.

Working Principle

Varistors, or MOVs, are constructed in the form of an angular disc with two leads extending from its outer circumference. They are made up of zinc oxide grains, along with other metal oxides, held together with a bonding agent. When a voltage greater than the specified operating level is present, energy is formed and the bond between the grains moves away from the other elements. This creates a channel of semi-conductor through which excess electrical current will flow. This process, known as avalanche breakdown, is comparable to the operation of a Zener diode.

Application Fields

Transient voltage suppressors can be used in a variety of applications across different industries, from automotive to consumer electronics. These components are essential for protecting electronic circuits and components from power surges, voltage transients, and electromagnetic noise.

• Automotive: MOVs are frequently used in automobile systems, to safeguard vehicle systems from large voltage spikes, such as those caused by lightning strikes or jumper cables connected to the wrong terminals. Safety features in automobiles, such as airbags, also employ TVS devices.
• Telecommunications: TVS devices are used in telecommunications systems such as modems, cell phone systems, and landline phone systems to protect sensitive components from power surges and sudden voltage spikes.
• Home Electronics: Many of the consumer electronics items that we use every day have built-in transient voltage suppressors. These components provide protection by diverting electrical current away from sensitive and expensive circuitry.
• Industrial: Varistors are used in industrial operations to protect against voltage spikes caused by lightning strikes or power outages. In some cases, they are used to provide protection from electromagnetic interference.

Conclusion

Transient voltage suppressors are found in a wide variety of applications due to their ability to protect sensitive equipment from voltage spikes. They can be used in home electronics, automobiles, telecommunications, and industrial operations. Varistors and MOVs are constructed of semiconductor materials placed between two leads, which form channels for excess electrical current to be directed away from vulnerable equipment. This helps to protect connected systems and components from damage.

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