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Bridge rectifiers, also referred to as a full wave rectifier due to the waveform it produces, are made up of fourdiodes connected in a ladder-like formation, as shown in the diagram below. When an AC voltage signal is applied to theinput, the diodes conduct in sequence, resulting in a continuous output signal of the same frequency as the input. Thisalternating signal is then converted into a unidirectional voltage.

Bridge rectifiers are used in many electrical applications including DC power supplies, electric motor drives, anduninterruptible power supplies. The rectified output is often used as a source of power for various other electricalcircuits or as battery charger.
This type of rectifier has wide usage in the commercial and industrial fields. It is used to convert AC line power toDC power in applications such as: welding machines, electric saws, and even in refrigerators. Bridge rectifiers are alsoused in a wide range of consumer electronics such as television sets, video equipment, computers, and gamingdevices.

The working principle of these rectifiers is based on the idea of using one diode from the bridge for each AC polarity.When an AC voltage is applied, the current will alternate from one side of the bridge to the other, creating a uni-directional output. This is why it\'s commonly referred to as a full-wave rectifier.The AC line voltage is applied to the bridge, with the positive terminal of the AC source connected to the anode of thefirst diode, and the negative terminal to the cathode of the third (and fourth) diode. The other two diodes form aloop or bridge in which current will flow when the bridge is energized. When the input voltage rises above the peakreverse voltage (Vpk), the first diode conducts, allowing current to flow from the negative side of the supply, throughthe first diode and across the bridge (from anode to cathode).When the AC voltage reaches its peak negative value (at the end of the first half cycle), the first diode reverses itsdirection of conduction and the second diode becomes forward biased and conducts, allowing current to flow from thepositive side of the supply, through the second diode, and across the bridge (from cathode to anode).

This process is repeated throughout the entire AC cycle, resulting in a unidirectional DC output. The output voltage isequal to the peak voltage of the AC input minus the diode forward voltage drop. The output DC voltage will alsodepend on the load on the output of the rectifier; as more current is drawn from the output, the voltage drop across thediode increases, resulting in a lower output voltage.Bridge rectifiers are ideal for applications where high voltage is needed but the current requirements are limited.For example, electric motor drives and welding equipment typically require large current but not large voltage, and sothis type of rectifier is often used for such applications.Bridge rectifiers offer some advantages over other types of rectifiers, such as high efficiency and low cost. They arealso easy to install and require less maintenance than other rectifier types.

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