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Gas discharge tube arresters (GDT) are protective devices designed to protect equipment from transient overvoltage electrical disturbances from both lightning and internal sources. A GDT is composed of two chambers of gas separated by electrodes, making up a gas-filled tube. The gas used is typically sulfur hexafluoride or air with a combination of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. When the electric field intensity built up by the overvoltage discharge becomes greater than the dielectric strength of the gas, the gas breaks down and forms an arc which is then quickly extinguished. This matches a high impedance to the voltage source, limiting the amount of current that can flow in the circuit.

The GDT is commonly used in photovoltaics, radio frequency transmission lines, and telecommunications applications. A variety of applications can benefit from GDTs, such as the protection of electric power supplies, telephone networks, and high-speed data communication systems. GDTs also provide protection from lightning strikes and power switching transients. The GDT is an excellent choice for harsh environmental conditions, as it is resistant to temperature change and humid environments.

The working principle of GDTs is based on the formation of an arc between two electrodes when an excessive voltage is applied. This arc resists the flow of current and reduces the rate of current rise. Once the arc is formed, the gas inside the tube immediately begins to break down and ionize, generating a plasma which carries the current to ground. This ionized plasma quickly re-condenses, extinguishing the arc and isolating the voltage source from the equipment.

The GDTs have two types of structures; the cylinder shape and the plate shape. In the cylinder shape, the electrodes are arranged in concentric cylinders and the gas is confined within them. In the plate shape, the electrodes are arranged in a parallel plate model. Both of these types of GDTs are effective in eliminating electrical overvoltage, but the plate structure is more ideal for higher current applications.

The GDTs possess a number of advantages when compared to other protection devices. These advantages include low cost, small size, low inductance, and resistance to long duration overvoltage. Additionally, GDTs operate with deep discharge, ensuring the surge is completely absorbed rather than just limited. Furthermore, the high insulation provided by the gas eliminates the need for excessive insulation levels.

Gas discharge tube arresters (GDTs) provide essential protection from transient electrical overvoltages from both lightning and internal sources. GDTs are typically composed of two chambers of gas separated by electrodes, forming a gas-filled tube. When an excessive voltage is applied, the gas breaks down to form an arc which is quickly extinguished. This matches a high impedance to the voltage source, limiting the amount of current that can flow in the circuit. GDTs are most commonly used in photovoltaics, radio frequency transmission lines, and telecommunications applications, due to the high reliability and cost-effectiveness they offer.

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