23709-2

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23709-2 is a technical specification of underwater acoustic positioning that defines the requirements and principles of acoustic positioning across multiple communications channels. The purpose of this standard is to provide a consistent platform with which to ensure accurate and reliable positioning of underwater objects by coupling acoustic transducers with appropriate navigation and communications systems. The specification is based on the principles of Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Frequency Difference of Arrival (FDOA).

TDOA is a positioning method that uses the timing of the returned acoustic signals from multiple sound sources to calculate the location of a target. This procedure requires that an acoustic pulse is transmitted from each sound source and received by the target. The sound waves travel at a known speed, so the time delay between the transmission of the pulses and their return gives an indication of the distance. This information can then be combined with the direction of the pulses to form a calculated position for the target.

FDOA is a similar technique, where the difference in frequency between acoustic signals determine the distance between a source and a target. In this application, the sound source transmits a signal composed of two frequencies. The receiving instrument then measures the difference in frequency between the signals sent by the transmitter and the signal received by the receiver. This difference is a measure of the distance from the source to the target.

23709-2 also defines the standards for positioning systems that use multiple acoustic receivers to determine the location of a target. This method is referred to as Multi-beam Positioning and uses the information gathered from different receivers to triangulate the position of the target. Multi-beam Positioning is similar to TDOA and FDOA in that it relies on the transmission and receipt of acoustic signals, but the accuracy is improved by using the information from multiple receivers.

23709-2 also provides guidance for the design and setup of underwater acoustic positioning systems. These systems must be configured in a way that ensures accurate and reliable positioning of underwater objects. This includes selecting transducers of appropriate frequency ranges, proper signal processing, and signal conditioning to ensure the correct amplitude and frequency of the acoustic signal. It also covers the required power levels, antenna selection, and cable lengths.

In addition to providing the technical requirements for underwater acoustic positioning systems, 23709-2 also covers safety, environmental, and regulatory considerations. It provides guidance for operating in areas with narrow acoustic channels, or areas subject to significant debris fields or high currents, which can affect the accuracy of the system. Safety guidelines must be followed in order to ensure the safety of personnel operating in the area, as well as the environment in which the system is operating. The specification also includes general operating guidelines for communication and navigation systems to ensure that all applicable regulations are followed.

The 23709-2 application field and its working principles provide an integral set of guidelines for successful operation of underwater acoustic positioning systems. By following the technical and safety standards established by the standard, operators can ensure accurate and reliable positioning of underwater objects, while also protecting the environment and the safety of personnel operating in the area.

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