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Thermal - Thermoelectric, Peltier Modules:IntroductionThe term “Peltier module” refers to a device that utilizes thermoelectric effects to generate an electric current and temperature difference across a junction. It is referred to as a “thermal-electric” device because it uses the electrical energy from a primary source to direct the flow of heat between two sides.Peltier modules are widely used in cooling and heating applications, as well as in controlling the environment temperature in a system. They are also used in applications where high temperatures are generated, such as in dielectric heaters, furnaces, and in controlling chemical reactions.OperationPeltier modules operate on the basis of the thermoelectric effect, which states that if two dissimilar metals are joined together, they create a thermally conductive junction. When an electrical current is applied to the junction the thermal energy is transferred from one side of the junction to the other, creating a temperature difference. This temperature difference causes a change in the resistance of the metals, which in turn controls the magnitude of the current that flows through them.In a Peltier module, two dissimilar big metals (such as bismuth telluride) are joined together and an electrical current is applied to the junction. The direction of the current determines the direction of the heat transfer. If the current is flowing from the hot side to the cold side, the module will absorb thermal energy from the hot side and release it to the cold side. If the current is flowing from the cold side to the hot side, the module will absorb thermal energy from the cold side and release it to the hot side.This simple process facilitates heat transfer in devices that require heat to be ted from one part to another, such as in refrigerators and heaters. It can also be used to control a device\'s environment temperature, enabling precise temperature control in processes such as chemical reactions and soldering/welding.ApplicationsPeltier modules are widely used for cooling and heating in a wide variety of applications. In computers, they are used to manage the environment temperature in systems such as servers, PCs, and laptops. Additionally, they are used in laboratory apparatuses, in cooling data storage devices, and in production of semiconductors.They are also used in medical and industrial applications, for controlling the temperature of liquids, for temperature stabilization of gels, and for precise temperature regulation of products during the production process. In all of these applications, the Peltier module is extremely efficient and reliable.ConclusionThe Peltier module, or thermoelectric module, is a highly efficient and reliable device that can be used for cooling and heating in a wide variety of applications. By utilizing the thermoelectric effect, the Peltier module is capable of controlling the environment temperature in a system, as well as conducting heat from one part of the system to another. This makes it an invaluable tool in a wide range of applications, from computers and cooling equipment to medical and industrial applications.

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