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Film capacitors, also known as plastic film capacitors or film dielectric capacitors, are a type of capacitor that use a thin plastic film as the dielectric, sometimes combined with paper as the separator. They are widely utilized in numerous consumer electronic circuits, such as TVs, radios, computers, and other consumer electronics.

The main advantage of film capacitors is their reliable performance, even when exposed to a wide range of temperatures and operating conditions. Film capacitors are also highly resistant to damage from overloading, high voltage and shock, and they are capable of withstanding high temperatures, making them ideal for use in high temperature environments like automotive, aerospace, and military applications.

The construction of film capacitors includes two conductive surfaces that are insulated by an dielectric film, such as polypropylene, polyester, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The foil of the capacitor is usually made of aluminum, copper or tin, but sometimes it is also made of stainless steel or even a layer of stainless steel and copper. Once the dielectric film and the conductive layers are assembled, the capacitor is sealed in either plastic or coated aluminum cases. Depending on the application, sizes of film capacitors typically range from 0.1 to 4.7 microfarad.

When installing or manufacturing film capacitors, the user needs to consider their rated voltage, operating voltage and maximum allowable voltage. If the operating voltage exceeds the rated voltage, then the capacitor can be damaged. The rated voltage refers to the maximum voltage that a capacitor can handle and is linked to the material that is used as the dielectric. The operating voltage is the normal voltage level, at which the capacitor will be exposed, taking into account any surge or vibration that may occur. The maximum allowable voltage is the voltage level for which the capacitor is designed to operate at and the user must ensure that the voltage levels do not exceed this specification.

The working principle behind film capacitors is similar to that of electrolytic capacitors. When an external voltage is applied to a capacitor, the positive and negative charges on the terminals of the capacitor attract one another and the potential difference between the two charges induces a current through the capacitor. This current flows between the two layers of the capacitor and forms an electric field, which is in turn responsible for separating the charges.

In comparison to other types of capacitors, film capacitors are relatively low-cost, reliable and are capable of withstanding extreme environments. Moreover, they are small in size, lightweight, and offer very low levels of distortion. As a result, they have become popularly utilized in audio systems, in high-end audio equipment, and in signal processors.

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