982091-1

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982091-1, or PIN diode attenuator, are a type of specialty components used to reduce or control the amplitude of RF and microwave signals. The earliest PIN diode attenuator designs used a single PIN diode to achieve adjustable signal level attenuation through varying the direct current (DC) bias voltage. More recently, diode attenuators with multiple PIN diodes tend to provide superior performance, including improved power-handling capability and significantly better linearity.

A PIN diode attenuator consists of two diodes connected in parallel, with each device having its anode connected to one side of the input. The cathode of one diode is connected to the cathode of the other, and the anode of the second diode is connected to ground. A DC supply voltage is applied across the two diodes. When the DC supply voltage is increased, the forward current of the PIN diode increases, and as a result, the transmission along the line losses increase. Conversely, when the DC supply is reduced, the forward current of the PIN diode decreases, and consequently, the transmission along the line losses decrease.

The PIN diode attenuator is widely used in both commercial and military systems for applications such as fixed attenuation settings, gain control and frequency adaptation. It has found applications in communications systems, radar and electronic countermeasures, instrumentation, test equipment, medical equipment, industrial controls, and consumer electronics. Additionally, the PIN diode attenuator is often used for very high frequency (VHF) and ultra very high frequency (UVHF) applications, owing to its very high frequency response. Furthermore, it can be configured into a simple voltage variable attenuator (VVA) to provide a wider range of control capability.

PIN diode attenuators are often designed using a distributed electrical network of transmission lines, where the PIN diode is placed in an attenuator section in the network. The PIN diode in the attenuator section is then connected to a variable DC voltage source. As the DC voltage is altered, it causes charge to flow through the diode, which in turn causes changes in the electrical characteristics of the transmission line. This effectively changes the transmission path loss, resulting in a change in the signal level attenuation.

The PIN diode attenuator offers numerous advantages over other types of attenuators, including very low insertion loss, excellent dynamic range, very wide bandwidth, excellent linearity, and relatively low cost. Additionally, they can easily be designed for use in both low power and high power (up to 20 watts) applications.

Overall, PIN diode attenuators are well-suited for a variety of circuit applications that require quick and simple control over RF and microwave signal levels. They offer the advantages of low insertion loss, high dynamic range, and wide bandwidth, all in a relatively low-cost package. As a result, PIN diode attenuators are ideal for many RF and microwave systems, ranging from medical to VHF and UHF communications, radar, and instrumentation.

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