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Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), also known as supercapacitors, provide an alternative or complementary source of energy storage for traditional electrochemical double-layer capacitors. In general, EDLCs are capable of providing higher energy densities and superior performance. Unlike traditional capacitors, they store electrical energy in a physical layer of charge, which increases in proportion to the amount of charge applied to the plates.

EDLCs are composed of activated carbon, polyethylene, or some other highly porous material and a separator material. The separator is an electrolytic conductive material, often in the form of a thin film or flat sheet. When a voltage is applied across the two electrodes, the two materials form a double-layer of charge, which stores the electrical energy. The capacitance of the capacitor is determined by the electrochemical properties of the activated carbon and the electrolytic material, as well as the geometry of the two materials.

A range of applications relies on EDLCs for their operation, such as energy storage systems, capacitive deionization (CDI), ultracapacitors, and emergency back-up systems. In CDI systems, EDLCs are used to remove salts and other soluble materials by passing electrical charges over their surfaces. This helps to achieve desalination, and can also be used to purify drinking water or wastewater for reuse. Ultracapacitors are an energy storage device used to replace traditional lead-acid batteries in some applications. They are also used in cars, buses, and other vehicles, as they require little maintenance and provide greater power and energy density.

EDLCs can also be used as temporary energy storage in cases where the power supply may go down for short periods of time. In these cases, EDLCs provide a buffer to the system, storing energy until it is needed and then releasing it when it is needed. This allows operations to continue even during short interruptions. EDLCs are also widely used in cars, electronic and communication equipment, consumer electronics, and medical devices.

The working principle of EDLCs is based on the phenomenon known as electrochemical double-layer capacitance. This phenomenon occurs when two electrodes with different electrochemical potentials are separated by a thin layer of electrolyte. The two electrodes have electrical charges on their surfaces, and the distance between them depends on the ions present in the electrolyte. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, the electric field between them causes the positive and negative ions of the electrolyte to form two concentric layers on the surface of the electrodes.

The inner layer is called the Helmholtz layer, and it consists of free ions of the electrolyte that have been attracted to the nearest electrode. This layer acts as a dielectric between the electrodes and stores a static charge. The outer layer is called the Grenet layer, and it is made up of polarized molecules and ions that are strongly attracted to the Helmholtz layer. This outer layer has a much higher capacitance than the Helmholtz layer, and it is responsible for most of the electrical energy stored in EDLCs.

In conclusion, EDLCs offer many advantages over traditional capacitors and electrochemical double-layer capacitors. They have higher energy densities, they provide superior performance, and they are useful for a range of applications. Their working principle relies on the electrochemical double-layer capacitance phenomenon, which results in two different layers of charge on the surfaces of the two electrodes. These layers are responsible for most of the energy stored in EDLCs, making them highly efficient in energy storage applications.

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