LM324QT

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The LM324QT is a versatile linear amplifier, suitable for instrumentation and for a range of other operations. It can be used as an op amp, buffer amp, or for general signal amplification. This article will discuss the application field and working principle of the LM324QT.

Application Field

The LM324QT is a general-purpose operational amplifier (op-amp) with four independent, high-gain amplifying elements in a single package. It is a versatile amplifier suitable for a range of applications, and is popular in consumer products, instrumentation and industrial automation. It is also frequently used in audio and video circuits, inverters and power supplies, timing circuits, and other voltage control applications. Some of its popular uses include:

• Voltage and current sensing
• Measuring amplifiers
• Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs)
• Low-noise signal amplifiers
• Feedback systems
• Invertors and power supplies
• Timing and oscillator circuits
• Voltage and gain control circuits
• Low-level audio and video signals

Working Principle

The LM324QT is a monolithic integrated circuit with four independent, high-gain amplifiers. All four amplifiers share a single 4-terminal package, making the amplifier compact and low-cost. The positive and negative input terminals are connected to the input stage of each amplifier, while the output and common terminals are connected to the output stage. The amplifiers function by taking a small input voltage and amplifying it to produce a larger output voltage. The LM324QT is usually powered by a single low-power supply ranging between ±4 V to ±15 V.

The LM324QT has a typical open-loop gain of 1,000,000 and an input impedance of 15 MegaOhms, making it suitable for a range of high-impedance applications. It has a low input bias current of 2 nA and a low offset voltage of 5 mV. The amplifier also features a high common-mode rejection ratio (CMMR) of 130 dB and a power-supply induced distortion of 0.02%.

The LM324QT can be used either in single or dual supply applications. In single supply operation, the amplifier will use a single supply voltage of either +4V, +6V, +7V, or +15V, depending on the application requirements. In dual supply operation, two supplies of different voltages are used, such as a +7V and -7V supply. The LM324QT will also operate with a ±1 V dual supply, making it suitable for low-voltage applications.

The LM324QT has a very wide range of operating temperature, from -40°C to +85°C, and is available in a variety of packages. It is also highly stable, with a temperature coefficient of 0.02%/°C to minimize frequency shift. The amplifier offers fast settling times of 10 µs and is capable of driving gains of 0.5 A/V.

Conclusion

The LM324QT is a versatile linear amplifier suitable for a range of applications, including instrumentation, consumer products, audio and video circuits, power supplies, and oscillator circuits. It features a typical open-loop gain of 1,000,000 and a high CMMR of 130 dB. It can be used in single or dual supply operations, and is available in a variety of packages with a very wide operating temperature range. This article has discussed the application field and working principle of the LM324QT.

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