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Transient voltage suppressors (TVS) are a class of components used to protect circuits from transient electrical pulses and overvoltages. TVS include varistors (voltage dependent resistors), metal-oxide varistors (MOVs), silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs), Zener diodes, and multi-layer varistors (MLVs). TVS are available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and configurations.

Varistors (VDRs)

Varistors, also known as voltage-dependent resistors (VDRs), are solid-state devices that limit or absorb transient voltage spikes. They work by quickly switching from a low to a high resistance state when an applied voltage surpasses the trip point level. This converts the excess voltage energy into heat energy that is dissipated into the air or substrate. Varistors typically have a shaped voltage-current waveform, a symmetrical distribution around the trip point, and rapid response times.

Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs)

Metal-oxide varistors (MOVs) are a type of varistor specifically designed to protect sensitive electronic components from electrical transients. MOVs are composed of a sintered metal oxide block, which is sandwiched between electrodes. These devices are typically used to protect circuits from lightning surges, induced transients, and switching transients. When exposed to high voltages, the metal oxide material in the MOV rapidly changes from a high resistance to a low resistance state, reducing the incoming voltage to a safe level.

Application Fields and Working Principle

TVS are widely used in a variety of electronic and electrical systems, from automotive electronics to telecom and networking equipment. Varistors are used to limit the voltage that is applied to a sensitive circuit, while MOVs are used to protect circuits from sudden surges in voltage or current that could cause damage. In both cases, the components work by quickly switching from a low to a high resistance state when an applied voltage surpasses the trip point level, diverting excess voltage energy into heat.

Varistors are designed to absorb transients in a non-destructive way. When triggered, they absorb the excess energy and do not let it get to the protected circuit. On the other hand, MOVs are designed to absorb destructive electrical transients, such as lightning, and protect circuits from serious damage. They activate immediately when a surge in voltage or current is detected, thus providing fast and effective protection.

TVS components offer various advantages for electronics and electrical systems, including high surge withstand, fast response time, robustness, wide operating temperature range, low let-through voltage, and low leakage current. They are also relatively inexpensive to produce, making them a popular choice for many applications.

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