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As the name suggests, Voltage Dependent Resistor (VDR) voltage-variable devices, also known as varistors, are components that are activated by a voltage and feature a resistance that can be dependent or independent of a load. This type of device is mostly used for voltage and surge protection applications. VDRs are available in both fixed and movable form, with the latter providing more flexibility. They are also capable of handling large voltage and current spikes, and are commonly used in portable and personal electronics.

Varistors are typically made up of two plates, separated by a dielectric material. When a voltage greater than the varistor’s breakdown voltage is applied, the resistance between the plates drops quickly and dramatically. The device is designed such that it can quickly transition from its high-resistance state to a low-resistance state. This allows the power supply to quickly absorb and dissipate large amounts of energy.

Voltage Dependent Resistors can also be used to protect electronic circuits from potential damage caused by overcharging and low voltage conditions. In such cases, the varistor is generally placed between the power source and the sensitive circuitry. The varistor will allow only a specific range of voltages and currents to flow through, thereby providing a protective measure against voltage spikes and drops. Varistors can also be used as variable resistors, where the resistance changes when the applied voltage changes.

MOVs, or metal oxide varistors, are a type of voltage-dependent variable resistors used in applications requiring a higher level of overvoltage protection. They are generally composed of zinc oxide and other materials and have a higher peak breakdown voltage than regular varistor devices. The resistance between the MOV\'s terminals will increase exponentially when the applied voltage is increased, making them more effective at handling high voltage fluctuations.

MOVs are used to guard against electrical transients- short bursts of energy from lightning, induction, and other sources- that can potentially damage sensitive electronic components. They are typically placed between the input and output of the circuit to protect against power surges and other transient voltages. MOVs will automatically clamp the input voltage to a safe level, thus preventing it from reaching the circuit.

TVS, or transient voltage suppressor, are voltage-dependent resistor devices used to offer additional protection against electricity-related threats. These devices have a higher current and breakdown voltage rating than MOVs, allowing them to provide increased protection and better reliability. They are mainly used in automotive, telecommunications, and industrial applications, where large transients, such as electrostatic discharge, can occur.

TVS essentially operate in a similar manner to MOVs. When a voltage higher than the specified breakdown voltage is applied, the resistance between the terminals drops drastically. This in turn protects the connected equipment by allowing the power supply to absorb and dissipate the energy before it can reach damaging levels. TVS devices are also able to respond quickly to large voltage spikes, without causing any harmful effects to the connected equipment.

In conclusion, VDRs, MOVs, and TVS are all voltage-dependent resistor devices used to protect electronic equipment from various forms of voltage-related threats. They are an essential component in any application where sensitive circuits are involved. All three types of devices have their own respective advantages and disadvantages, and depending on the application, one of these solutions may be the most appropriate.

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