2C63UL

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2C63UL is a type of ultra-low-temperature superconducting cryogenic refrigerator and one of the most popular experimental apparatuses in the field of low temperature physics. It was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California in the early 1970s. The device is composed of a closed-loop cryogenic refrigeration system and two cryogenic vessels, making it possible to chill down to a temperature as low as -273°C. It is widely used in a variety of fields, ranging from cryogenics to solid-state physics.

In applications, the 2C63UL is mostly used for the low-temperature experiments in fields like physical cryogenics, materials physics, and solid-state physics. It can be utilized to cool down samples to temperatures as low as -273°C, which makes it suitable for testing extremely low cold temperatures in laboratory experiments. With its extremely low temperature capabilities, the 2C63UL offers a great amount of precision in these experiments, making it the go-to device for researchers in this field.

The working principle of the 2C63UL is based on the Joule-Thomson effect (also called the Joule–Thomson expansion effect), which states that when a gas is allowed to expand freely, some of its energy is dissipated in the form of heat, thus cooling down the temperature of the gas. The temperature is further reduced by changing the pressure of the gas. In the 2C63UL, both of these processes are used to cool down the liquid nitrogen contained in the cryogenic refrigeration system. The nitrogen is circulated through the two cryogenic vessels in order to reach the desired temperature, and when the nitrogen is subsequently heated up, it is returned back to the cryogenic refrigerator. In this way, the temperature of the nitrogen is kept within a tolerable range while the cryogenic vessels reach temperatures as low as -273°C.

To sum up, the 2C63UL is one of the most important devices in the field of low-temperature research, as it is capable of reaching extremely low temperatures and offering precision measurements. It is mostly used for physical cryogenics, materials physics, and solid-state physics experiments, and works on the principle of the Joule-Thomson effect.

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