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Embedded - FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) have emerged as the latest tool in Electronics and Embedded systems to provide data processing needs that are more efficient than hard-wired ASIC designs. This section discusses the application fields and working principles of FPGAs and their implications for the modern embedded system designer.FPGAs have become popular in many electronics and embedded system design fields. FPGAs can be used to provide extremely high-speed computation and integrate tasks such as memory access and algorithms. These FPGA devices can also provide data transformation and control functions, such as control flow, signal analysis and signal routing. FPGAs can also provide acceleration to real-time or signal processing systems.The basic structure of an FPGA is a two-dimensional array of logic gates. These logic gates are organized into configurable groups, and each group can be programmed to perform specific functions. A configurable logic block (CLB) is used to connect the logic gates in an FPGA in order to control the flow of information. CLBs are also used to control memory access, interrupts, and other functions within the FPGA.In addition to the basic CLB, several other components are used in modern FPGA architectures. Block RAM (BRAM) is used for memory, DSP (digital signal processing) blocks for numerical calculations and IO (input/output) ports to communicate with external systems. An interconnect fabric is used to connect the various components of the FPGA, and to route the data and algorithms to the needed areas.FPGAs are primarily used to provide logic functions that are not found in a microcontroller or other embedded devices. By using programmable logic blocks and interconnecting fabrics, FPGAs can provide faster and more complex computations. The ability to re-configure FPGAs on the fly allows designers to quickly modify how a system operates. This allows for fast design iterations and testing for different algorithms and data processing options.In addition to providing data processing, FPGAs have been used in high-speed communications, digital signal processing and image/video processing. FPGAs are often used as an acceleration source for high-speed computing operations and as a way to connect multiple systems to a common processor core.The working principle behind FPGAs is based on reconfigurability. Each FPGA is reconfigurable; this means that the block structure of the device can be altered without having to redesign the entire board. This allows the FPGA to be reconfigured in software to provide the appropriate algorithm or control flow. By using reconfigurable hardware, the FPGA architecture can be used in a variety of applications, such as high-speed computing, embedded systems and digital signal processing.In conclusion, FPGAs are an important tool for embedded system designers. By providing a high-speed and reconfigurable architecture, FPGAs provide a solution for more flexible and efficient data processing operations.

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