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Pneumatics and hydraulics are two distinct ways for engineered systems to use compressed fluid energy to generate and transfer motion or force. In both technologies, pressurized fluids are routed through valves, actuators, and hoses, and reservoirs, and are used to create motion. But their working principles are the same, regardless of the stiffness of the materials used to make the components.

Pneumatics, defined as the technology of controlling and applying efficient and effective compressed air energy, is used primarily in industrial settings. The most common form of pneumatics is the compressed air system. It consists of an air compressor, reservoirs, valves, and hoses which connect the reservoirbags to the pneumatic actuators. The compressed air is directed to the actuators using valves and other controls. The pneumatic actuators use the generated energy to convert the compressed air into motion or force.

For example, pneumatic cylinders are the most common pneumatic actuators. They activate linear, or sliding, motion when a pressurized air source is connected to one of the ports. Upon application of pressurized air, a piston assembly inside the cylinder moves linearly in a specified direction. Depending on the size of the cylinder, the force generated can be quite powerful.

Hydraulics, the science of controlling and applyingpressurized water or other liquids, is used mainly for machine construction and operation. Like pneumatics, hydraulics works by transmitting energy from a pressurized fluid source to the equipment. In a typical hydraulic system, thepowered fluid is forced from a stored reservoir, through a hydraulic cylinder, or actuator, and into the hydraulic valve. This controlled hydraulicpressureis then sent to the device to be operated.

Hydraulic cylinders, for example, are pistons or plungers that generate controlled motion when pressurized hydraulic fluid is connected to a port. The cylinder\'s ability to produce free flow motion and to move with force, makes it popular in manufacturing applications such as cranes, conveyors, and presses. The cylinder is powered using the pressurizedhydraulic fluid. Thehydraulic valve then directs the force generated within thecylinderto the device being operated.

In summary, pneumatics and hydraulics can be used together or independently to generate power, use energy efficiently, and transfer motion or force. The working principles of both in terms of controlling and applying selected pressure are similar. In a pneumaticsystem, compressed air is used to power the pneumatic actuator, while, in a hydraulic system, pressurized liquid is routed through hydraulic valves and actuators. When used properly, pneumatics and hydraulics are safe and cost-effective ways of providing power, force, and motion in a variety of applications.

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