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Aluminum electrolytic capacitors (also known as aluminum electrolytic capacitors, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, or electrolytic capacitors) are a type of capacitor with a range of characteristics that are characterized by a large capacity and a comparatively small volume. This gives them a wide variety of applications where capacitors or capacitors of other types are not suitable. In particular, they are most suited for handling changes in current when a relatively high a.c. voltage is applied.

Typically, these capacitors consist of two aluminium foil electrodes, aluminum oxide dielectric, and an organic electrolyte. The construction of the capacitor is such that electrons are separated between the two electrodes due to the process of anodization. One of the aluminium foils is the anode, which is treated oxidatively, after which the bituminous paper separator and the electrolyte are introduced. The dielectric (insulating material) between the foils is formed through the anodic reaction. The other aluminium foil is the cathode, the surface of which is exposed to the electrolyte.

The design and materials of the aluminum electrolytic capacitor cause the maximum working voltage to be quite low in comparison to other capacitor types. The typical working voltage of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor ranges from 4V to 450V. These capacitors also have a short life expectancy of around 2,000 hours at 85°C. Also, since the electrolytic capacitors can vary their capacitance in response to temperature, they can be used in applications that require stable capacitance at varying temperatures or high currents.

The aluminum electrolytic capacitor’s main application filed is in applications requiring a large capacitance, such as motor power supply, motor guidance, and motor control. The motor guidance and control field is especially important since they often require a large capacitor to maintain the current and voltage stable. Furthermore, aluminum electrolytic capacitors are also used in a wide range of other applications, such as start and run capacitors, radio interference blocking, and voltage stabilization.

The working principle of the aluminum electrolytic capacitor is based on the fact that positive ions inside the electrolyte are attracted to the negatively charged anode. Electron flow from the anode to the cathode forms an electric field within the capacitor. The positive ions are attracted by the electric field\'s efflux and become trapped and electrostatically charged on the anode surface. The net effect is that the anode surface becomes positively charged relative to the cathode, leading to an electric double layer building up between the two.

In the aluminum electrolytic capacitor the dielectric is formed by a thin layer of aluminum oxide that forms on the anode when the capacitor is charged. This dielectric layer is only few nanometers thick and is responsible for the high capacitance of the capacitor. The thickness of the aluminum oxide layer increases with voltage, causing an increase in the capacitance of the capacitor.

The aluminum electrolytic capacitor has been used in a number of applications, from motor power supply, motor guidance and control and dc voltage rectification, to radio interference blocking, voltage stabilization, and start and run capacitors. Its main advantage is that it can handle relatively large current changes, even when a relatively high alternating current voltage is applied. Although it has a short life expectancy, the aluminum electrolytic capacitor can be designed to meet the various application requirements of most types of circuits.

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