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Pneumatics and hydraulics are two of the main branches of power engineering that can be used in a wide range of applications. Both systems use pressurised fluids to power mechanical equipment, but the differences between the two lie in their sources of power and the mechanisms used to produce the pressurized fluids.

Pneumatics is the branch of power engineering based on the use of air as the working fluid for power transmission. Air is a natural, abundant and relatively clean source of energy, making it ideal for many industrial and working environments. Pneumatic equipment uses compressed air, usually oil-free and air-tight, to actuate control valves, actuators and other components. Compressed air is typically stored in tanks or reservoirs and is fed from there to the pneumatic components. The pressure inside these components can range from around 10 to 15 bar (135 to 200 psi), depending on the operating pressure of the individual system.

Pneumatic systems are typically employed in applications such as factory automation, where precise and repeatable motions are needed. By controlling both the speed and force of the air flow, pneumatic systems can achieve very precise performance levels and can be tailored to meet the requirements of the application. In addition, pneumatic systems are also relatively safe to use, as compressed air does not create sparks or heat and is non-flammable.

Hydraulics is the branch of power engineering based on the use of liquids as the working fluid for power transmission. The liquid is usually a type of oil, and either mineral oil or synthetic fluids are used. A hydraulic system uses high pressure pumps to deliver the oil to the hydraulic components, where the oil acts as the medium that transmits the power from the pump. Hydraulic systems are capable of producing extremely high levels of pressure, typically in the range of 10,000 to 15,000 psi (700 to 1,000 bar).

Hydraulic systems are ideal for applications that require high performance, high accuracy and repeatability. The pressure of the fluid transmitted through the system makes it possible to transfer power in a highly efficient and precise manner, making it suitable for applications such as lifting, clamping, drilling and pressing. Hydraulic systems are also relatively safe to use, since oil does not create sparks or heat, and the system is self-compensating, meaning that it will adjust to maintain a constant pressure.

Pneumatics and hydraulics are both key branches of power engineering that can be used in a wide variety of applications. Both systems use pressurised fluids to power mechanical equipment, but the sources of power and the mechanisms used to produce the pressurised fluids differ between the two. Pneumatics is based on the use of air, while hydraulics is based on the use of oil. Both systems have their own advantages and disadvantages, and it\'s important to consider these when selecting the correct system for a particular application.

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