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Pneumatics

Pneumatics is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air. Pneumatic systems are used widely in industry, for example, to power robots, as a control system and to operate valves. Pneumatic systems convert energy from a fluid source, typically compressed air, into mechanical motion. When air is the fluid source, pneumatic systems are usually referred to as air systems.

As a fluid power system, pneumatics are a convenient and economical way to create force and motion. Pneumatic cylinders typically have a relatively high power-to-weight ratio, and many designs are inherently compact. Pneumatic systems are capable of lifting and moving large objects, and they are also quite useful as an actuating system in controlling and automating industry processes.

The most commonly used pneumatic components are cylinders, valves, switches, sensors, compressors, and air lines. To design a pneumatic system, these components are connected together to form the desired circuit. This is done using air lines, which are also referred to as tubing or pipes. The tubing used in pneumatic systems is typically made of plastic or metal, depending on the application.

When designing a pneumatic system, engineers need to consider the characteristics of the components and the compressibility of air. This is because the properties of air can affect the performance of the system. The flow of air inside of the pneumatic system also needs to be carefully controlled, as too much or too little flow can negatively affect the system’s performance.

Hydraulics

Hydraulics is a branch of engineering that covers the study of the mechanical properties of liquids, and specifically the use of pressurized liquids to create force and motion. It is one of the major branches of fluid mechanics, and is related to pneumatics. While both systems use pressurized fluids to create motion, hydraulics uses a pressurized fluid, typically oil, and pneumatics uses pressurized air.

In a hydraulic system, pressurized liquid is transferred through pipes or hoses to actuate cylinders or other components that convert the energy of the fluid into mechanical motion. The most common components used in hydraulic systems are radial and axial piston pumps, directional valves, cylinders, motor-valves, and accumulators.

Hydraulic systems are used in a variety of applications, both from a consumer and industrial level. On the consumer level, hydraulic systems are used in a number of power tools, such as jackhammers and hydraulic presses. On the industrial level, they are used in construction and heavy machinery, cranes, ships, aircraft carriers, and many other applications.

For safety reasons, hydraulic systems are usually designed to function within set parameters. To ensure that the system operates within the desired range, designers need to consider the various components, how they interact, and the flow of the liquid. The flow of the fluid needs to be calculated carefully to ensure it does not exceed the set parameters, as this can cause serious damage to the system and potentially pose a hazard.

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