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Analog switches, multiplexers, and demultiplexers are commonly used to provide an interface between two circuits that are working with different signal levels. These devices are commonly referred to as analog switches, simply because they are used to switch between two different analog signals. In order to understand their application and working principle, one must first understand their basic structure.

An analog switch typically consists of a pair of semiconductor materials that are surrounded by insulating materials. These materials are separated by a diode, which allows current to flow from one material to the other. When a voltage is applied to one of the materials, the diode will become forward-biased, allowing current to flow through it. This in turn will cause the diode to become reverse-biased, thus halting current flow through it. This is how an analog switch is able to switch between two different analog signals.

Multiplexers and demultiplexers are also commonly used in analog switch applications. A multiplexer is essentially a device that takes several inputs and selects one or more of them to be sent to a single output. The selection of inputs is usually carried out by controlling an enable signal, which is usually referred to as the “select” signal, or simply “SEL”. Demultiplexers are the opposite of multiplexers, and are used to take a single input and send it to one of several possible outputs.

These types of switches, multiplexers, and demultiplexers are commonly used in all types of electronic circuits, ranging from high-speed microcontrollers to audio applications. For example, they can be used to route audio signals from different sources to different outputs. They can also be used to route power signals, enabling circuits to be switched on and off quickly and efficiently.

The application of analog switches, multiplexers, and demultiplexers is not limited to just audio and power routing. They can also be used as a means of controlling and modifying digital signals. For example, they can be used to control the timing of digital logic signals. They can also be used to limit the amplitude of a digital signal, providing additional protection against over-voltage and under-voltage conditions.

In terms of working principle, the principle of operation of an analog switch, multiplexer, or demultiplexer is quite simple. When an input signal is applied to either device, it will cause a current to flow through the diode, if it is forward-biased. This current will then cause the output voltage of the device to change, allowing it to control the output signal.

In order to understand how exactly the voltage at the output of an analog switch, multiplexer, or demultiplexer is changed, we need to look at the switch configuration. Typically, a switch has two different inputs and two different outputs. When an input voltage is applied to one of the inputs, the device will switch its output voltage, so that it is either at the same voltage as the first input, or at a different voltage from the first. By controlling the input voltages, we can control the voltage at the output of the switch.

In conclusion, analog switches, multiplexers, and demultiplexers are commonly used in many different types of electronic circuits. They are used to provide an interface between two circuits that are operating with different signal levels, and can be used to control digital signals as well. Furthermore, their working principle is relatively simple, as they are simply devices that allow current to flow from one material to the other, thereby allowing the voltage at their output to be changed.

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