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Gas Discharge Tube Arresters (GDT) are devices used in electrical systems to protect lines and equipment from lightning-induced voltage transients, also known as transient overvoltages. This type of device operates through a phenomenon known as glow discharge which occurs when an applied electric field overcomes the breakdown voltage of the medium, initiating a string of electron collisions and creating an electric arc. GDTs use this principle in their design, by constructing an ionized tube filled with a pressurized gas mixture that allows for a specific breakdown electric field.

This type of arrester operates by using two electrodes separated by a dielectric material. The electrodes are charged to a specific voltage, and the dielectric is used to control the voltage that is applied across the electrodes. In the event of an overvoltage, the gas filled tube becomes ionized, allowing current to flow from the higher voltage electrode to the lower voltage one, discharging the transient energy. The arc discharges the energy quickly and efficiently.

As part of its protective nature, GDTs also have the ability to dissipate large storm-caused lightning surges in a safe manner. To achieve this, the gas tube is designed to have a high breakdown voltage but low residual voltage. This allows it to absorb huge amounts of energy without allowing the voltage to buildup to hazardous levels, which could damage equipment or interfere with electrical signals.

In addition, GDTs can be used to protect sensitive electronic components from electrostatic discharge (ESD) since they have the ability to quickly dissipate large amount of energy in short pulses. This is a major advantage over other types of protectors, such as metal-oxide varistors (MOVs)... These devices, while effective in protecting from relatively small surges, are not equipped with the arc discharge capability and thus, are not accurate or fast enough to protect from high frequency ESD transients.

The GDTs, on the other hand, can provide a high level of protection from both lightning and ESD events. Though, different types of GDTs constructed with varying materials will yield different breakdown voltages and residual voltages, so their appropriate usage must be carefully evaluated each time before application. This evaluation should consider all aspects of the potential surge, such as the peak current, the duration of the surge, the expected level of protection, and the expected operating environment of the system in order to make the best choice.

In summary, GDTs are a type of electrical arrester that can provide protection from lightning-induced voltage transients and electrostatic discharge events by creating a glow discharge between two electrodes separated by a dielectric material. They are designed to absorb large amounts of energy without allowing the voltage to buildup to hazardous levels, thus providing a very efficient and safe method of protection. The appropriate type of GDT must be carefully evaluated prior to using it so that it can provide the required level of protection for its particular application.

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