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Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are a type of capacitor that utilizes an aluminum oxide film as a dielectric for storing electrical charge. The term electrolytic capacitor is relatively generic and may refer to any number of different types of capacitors. The 25ZL2200MEFCG412.5X35, in particular, is a radial-lead, polar (non-polar) aluminum electrolytic capacitor with a rated voltage of 16V DC, capacitance of 2200µF, capacitance tolerance of ±20%, and a rated temperature of 125°C. This type of capacitor is typically found in applications where a large amount of capacitance is needed (e.g. audio amplifiers, power supplies, and DC-DC converters).

Construction

An aluminum electrolytic capacitor is composed of two aluminum foils, which are separated by a layer of insulating material, known as a dielectric film. The dielectric material used in an aluminum electrolytic capacitor is usually an oxide that is formed on the surface of aluminum when it is anodized in an electrolyte bath. The entire assembly is rolled into a cylindrical, or sometimes rectangular, housing forming the capacitor. The housing contains a small amount of electrolyte, which is an aqueous solution of ions. The electrolyte can be either liquid or solid. The liquid electrolyte is usually potassium hydroxide.

Working Principle

The working principle of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor is based on the principles of electrochemistry. When a volt dc voltage is applied across the terminals of the capacitor, a current will flow through the electrolyte and the oxide film. This causes the aluminium foil, which is the anode of the capacitor, to become oxidized. The oxidation process causes positive ions to be deposited on the foil which, in turn, causes an electric charge to be stored on the anode of the capacitor. This charge will remain stored until the voltage across the capacitor is reversed. When the voltage is reversed, the electric field formed by the charge on the anode will act on any positive ions on the foil, causing them to be discharged back into the electrolyte. Consequently, the charge on the capacitor is reduced, and the capacitor is discharged.

Applications

Due to their high capacitance, aluminum electrolytic capacitors are commonly used in applications where a large amount of capacitance is required. Examples of these applications include power supplies, audio amplifiers, and DC-DC converters. Furthermore, aluminum electrolytic capacitors are also used as the main power supply filtering component, in which they are used to reduce the ripple voltage from the rectifier stage of a power supply. Additionally, aluminum electrolytic capacitors are commonly used for frequency filtering in audio systems, for example, as a part of a subwoofer crossover system.

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