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TVS - Diodes

Transient voltage suppressor diodes, commonly known as “TVSs”, are an end-user specific diode technology that provide protection for machinery and other systems from excessive transients. They are a key component in many different applications, such as surge suppression, circuit protection, and energy storage. TVSs offer an effective solution for protecting devices from voltage surges, which can cause damage to costly expressway systems and other related infrastructure.

Application Field

In many cases, the design needs of expressway systems or other power infrastructure require the addition of some form of voltage control. This is often accomplished using steady voltage supplies, such as a capacitor bank or switching-mode power supply. TVSs are increasingly seen as an advantageous and reliable complement to these traditional solutions. TVSs provide a level of protection for these systems which is not possible using other technology. This makes them ideal for use in mission-critical applications where failure is not an acceptable option.

In addition to power infrastructure, TVSs have also been used in automotive vehicles. They can be used to protect against engine knock, spark plug misfires, and EMI/RFI noise generated by secondary sources such as audio equipment. In addition, TVSs are used in the development, production, and inspection of high-speed electronic components such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, and rectifiers.

Working Principle

TVSs are a rectifier-type device, capable of converting alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). The ability to convert AC into DC allows them to absorb and divert the voltage and current created by an electrical surge, thus preventing it from entering downstream equipment. This is accomplished by two distinct working principles. Beside providing surge protection, some TVSs can also be used for a variety of other applications, such as signal sensing, current limiting, and even low-voltage radiant applications.

TVSs provide a fast, reliable response to a surge. When triggered, the TVS’s metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors or MOSFETs act as a semiconductor switch, shorting the surge voltage and current to ground. This prevents any further voltage from entering the downstream equipment, which would cause damage. The rate at which the TVS can react is extremely fast, typically within a few nanoseconds.

TVSs can be designed to handle a wide variety of surge voltages, ranging from several hundred volts up to several thousand volts. The voltage breakdown and recovery voltage of a particular device is determined by the selection of the P-N junction and by the number of P-N junctions used. To ensure that the TVS is optimized for the application, the designer must carefully select the components of the TVS to ensure it performs as expected.

Conclusion

Transient voltage suppressor diodes (TVSs) have become an increasingly important component in many applications, providing a reliable source of protection from voltage surges. While they are often used in mission-critical applications, such as those involving infrastructure or automotive components, they can also be used in other applications, such as for current limiting and signal sensing. TVSs operate by quickly reacting to a surge, shorting the voltage and current to ground, and preventing any further damage to downstream equipment. When selecting a component for a specific application, the selection of the P-N junction is critical in ensuring that the TVS performs as expected, and that the desired surge protection is achieved.

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