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Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors application field and working principleAluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (AECs) are widely used in different industries due to their low cost, high reliability, long life, and other advantages. AECs are categorized as polarized capacitors which dissipate energy during operation. AECs are used in a variety of applications and can be found in power supplies, mobile phone chargers, switching power supplies, computers, automotive electronics, and many more.In its most basic form, aluminum electrolytic capacitors have two terminals with an eccentric metal cylinder in the center, often composed of solid or spiral metal foil wound in a loop. The inner section is filled with an electrolyte with two opposite-charge electrodes, a negative one on the inside of the cylinder, and a positive one on the outer side. The basic operating principle is simple. When AC current flows through the capacitor, the dielectric shows varying polarity, and charges the negative and positive electrodes that form a polarized structure within the enclosure. When the applied voltage exceeds a certain level, the difference in charge between the two electrodes (applied voltage) causes electrons to cross from one electrode to the other. The pass of electrons forms a space charge layer across the dielectric which acts as an insulation. This increases the capacitance of the device which enables voltage dropper and current filtering. AECs have several characteristics that make them desirable in applications requiring a broader operating temperature than standard film capacitors. These characteristics, such as a higher operating voltage and temperature range, make AECs popular particularly in applications such as power supplies, battery back-up supplies, automotive electronics, consumer electronics, military, or any application requiring a combination of size, stability, and reliability. AECs come with three different types of capacitors, axial (straight), radial (flexible), and snap-in. Axial capacitors are the most common type and are typically used in consumer and automotive applications, as well as in high-performance power supplies such as server power supplies and solar inverters. Radial capacitors are usually used for space-constrained applications such as aircraft, boat, or medical equipment. Snap-in capacitors are typically used in applications where high-capacity and high-voltage requirements are needed. A particular advantage of AECs is that they can be used in high-frequency applications where film capacitors are not suitable. Moreover, aluminum electrolytic capacitors offer higher capacitance value than film capacitors and they are able to handle higher temperatures. AECs with a higher voltage rating are suitable for DC/DC converter applications.One disadvantage of AECs is that their performance is affected by temperature, humidity, and other environmental variables. The capacitance of AECs drops with increased frequency and increases with temperature. AECs are also more sensitive to spikes, surge, and other external noise than other capacitor types. Moreover, AECs exhibit a reversed leakage current when stored in a discharged state. AECs are available in a wide range of values, from a few microfarads to several thousand farads. The operating voltage and temperature range is also quite wide, ranging from 6.3 V to as much as 450 V. AECs also have a wide range of temperature and humidity ratings and are available in different case styles, such as can, axial, and snap-in, surface-mount, through-hole, or dual in-line, to suit various applications. In conclusion, aluminum electrolytic capacitors offer several advantages over other types of capacitors, including high capacitance, low cost, high reliability, long life, and a wide operating temperature range. They are therefore suitable for a variety of applications in the automotive, consumer electronics, and industrial sectors.

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