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Gas Discharge Tube Arresters (GDT) are electrical components used to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by lightning, short circuits or other power disturbances. In industry these device are also used to protect high voltage power lines, radio and communication systems from overvoltage transients. GDTs have been in use since the early 1950s, and since then their technology has advanced significantly. This article will discuss GDTs, their application field and working principle.

A GDT is an electrical protection device that consists of a closed tube containing a gas. It is usually made of two electrodes, the outer tube and the inner tube, and the gas is usually air or another gas such as argon or nitrogen. When a surge of voltage is passed through the GDT, the charges accumulate in the gap between the two electrodes, increasing the pressure inside the tube until an arc is formed. This arc extinguishes after the initial current surge and the tube returns to its original state.

GDTs can be divided into two categories: spark gap arresters and metal oxide varistors (MOVs). Spark gap arresters are the most common type of GDT, and they are designed to break large surges in voltage. These arresters can handle up to 10,000 amps of current, and they divert the excess voltage energy away from the system before it can cause damage. MOVs are made of sintered materials which are subjected to an electric field. They have a much lower surge handling capacity than spark gap arresters and are used mainly in low-voltage applications.

The application field of GDTs is wide and varied, and they are used in many different industries, such as telecommunications, telecommunications networks, power distribution systems, and building protection systems. GDTs can be used in various systems to protect them from high voltage transients, and they can also be used to substitute the metal-oxide surge protectors in many applications. For example, in the telecommunications area, GDTs are used to protect phone lines from surges and lightning. In power distribution systems, GDTs can be used to provide protection against spikes and overvoltage of supply.

The working principle of GDTs is based on the concept of gas discharge. At the time of surge, the gas inside the tube starts to ionize, allowing current to flow. The gas ion movement is limited by the tube walls, creating a "virtual" barrier that blocks the current flow beyond the site of discharge. This is the reason why the surge is limited and canceled out.

In the future, GDTs are expected to be used in many areas, such as controlling the flow of electricity in electric vehicles and controlling the voltage level of solar cells. In addition, GDTs are particularly advantageous for industrial applications, since their ability to break high current surges makes them ideal for controlling large scale power systems. They can also be used in many medical and military applications, where their ability to interrupt and block current flows at levels far beyond the capacity of other protection components makes them a vital tool.

In conclusion, Gas Discharge Tube Arresters (GDT) are powerful and necessary electrical components used to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by lightning, short circuits or other power disturbances. They can be used in many applications, and their working principles are based on the concept of gas discharge. GDTs have the ability to limit and cancel out surges of voltage and current in order to protect systems from damage, making them crucial for proper electrical safety.

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