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Gas discharge tube (GDT) arresters are devices used to protect electrical systems, equipment, and systems from over-voltage damage caused by lightning strikes and electrical energy. GDTs are commonly used in high voltage applications, such as powertransmission and distribution lines, telecommunications systems, electric sub-stations, industrial motor control systems, and aerospace applications.

A gas discharge tube arrester is a gas-filled, voltage-dependent device that temporarily interrupts the flow of current during a surge. It is composed of two insulated electrodes surrounded by a quartz glass or porcelain envelope filled with an inert gas, typically nitrogen or neon. When voltage across the arrester increases above a specific threshold, the ionized gas in the tube will conduct, thereby forming an arc between the electrodes. This is referred to as the break-over voltage.

Using GDT arrester technology, current can be interrupted and controlled to reduce the damage caused by voltage overshoot to the device. The transient currents that are generated by the voltage overshoot are allowed to flow through the tube, where they are dissipated. This prevents excessive voltage from reaching the protected equipment, as the gas will continue to breakdown under increasing applied voltage until the surge is decreased and the arrester re-established.

The primary advantage of GDT arresters is their ability to reliably withstand high voltage surges. They are designed to withstand overloads up to thousands of volts, enabling them to provide reliable protection for power systems. Additionally, GDTs require little maintenance, have a long life expectancy, and can be used in a wide range of applications.

In most modern applications, GDTs are used in combination with other surge protection devices. These devices are designed to divert energy from the protected system once the arrester has reached its maximum power dissipation. An example of such a device is a metal oxide varistor (MOV). In this case, the GDT would be used to shunt the energy away from the protected system, while the MOV would absorb the energy.

The working principle of GDT arresters is based on the principle of electron multiplication. When a high voltage surge enters the gas-filled tube, it causes breakdown of the surrounding gas, creating a low-impedance path for the surge current. The current then passes through the tube, creating an arc at the electrodes. The electrons in this arc multiply, and travel towards the anode of the arrester. This causes an avalanche of electrons to be created, which then reduce the voltage of the surge, preventing it from damaging the protected system.

In addition to its protection of power systems, GDTs can also be used to increase the reliability and longevity of circuits and systems. This is done by protecting the components from the destructive effects of excessive surges or voltage overshoot and can be used in medical, industrial, and aerospace applications.

GDTs provide a reliable source of surge protection and are now a popular choice for a range of systems in high voltage applications. They offer a cost-effective solution to over-voltage protection and are generally considered to be more reliable than other surge protection products. As such, they continue to be a popular option for a range of applications in the twenty-first century.

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